Studies have been carried out on the role of various methodological factors in the numerical simulation of flow during the interaction of wind with a rough surface. These factors include the eddy viscosity model and various types of boundary conditions. The formulation of the problem took into account the possibility of using the results in problems of transporting a dust cloud of explosions in deep mining quarries It is shown that a forced decrease in eddy viscosity with decreasing distance to the surface significantly improves the results of numerical simulations near the surface. The continuous supply of a constant vertically stratified air flow across the boundary of the computational domain creates atmospheric disturbances in the process of modifying the inflowing flow by a numerical model. It is shown that these disturbances initiate the propagation in the atmosphere of time-stable harmonic air oscillations downstream with a wavelength of ~ 2000 m.

This paper considers regularities of shearing model faults containing contact patches of different composition. Samples of quartzites and amphibolites collected at the Primorsky Fault of the Baikal Rift Zone, in its seismogenic and aseismic segments exhumed to the day surface, were pounded and used to fill the contact patches. It is shown that the material composing the patches does not affect on regularities of accumulating deformation. During the increase of shear force, a «locked» region emerges nearby the contact patch, where a deficit of deformation is observed. The material composition has a critical effect on the release of the accumulated deformations along the model fault. Dynamic ruptures are realized on quartz-containing contact patches with velocity-weakening behaviour. They are accompanied by the emission of oscillations in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 80 kHz. Ruptures in amphibole-containing contact patches with velocity-strengthening behaviour produce oscillations in the frequency range of 20– 80 kHz, oscillations with frequencies less than 10 kHz were not detected. It is shown that dynamic movements lead to microstructural changes in the geomaterial composing the contact patch. Minerals are abraded unevenly in the slip plane, the abrasion is accompanied by secondary mineral formation. High- temperature phase transformations of quartz into tridymite are detected at a temperature of ~ 700°C as a result of fast dynamic movements along quartz-containing contact patches.

The article provides an overview of current information on the hydrogeological characteristics of fault zones. Various aspects of this problem are considered, from numerical methods for evaluating hydraulic properties and determining them by various methods to the evolution of these properties as a result of various processes. The characteristic permeability values for sections of fault zones located at different depths are given. The complexity of the structure of fault zones and the influence of the structural factor on the fluid dynamics of the upper part of the Earth’s crust are emphasized. The characteristic permeability values for fault zones range from 10^-11 to 10^-15 m², the average permeability values for the zone of influence and the crushing zone are 10^-13 and 10^-15 m², respectively. The tendency of decreasing permeability with depth and localization in rocks subjected to metamorphism is emphasized, the most and least permeable rocks by genesis are identified for various fault zones in the near-surface part of the Earth’s crust, the relationship between the permeability of the fault and its type is considered.

A large volume of scientific papers is devoted to the study of the deformation mechanisms of fluid-saturated reservoirs. Precision hydrogeological monitoring data allows to objectively assess filtration properties of fluid-saturated reservoirs. The reaction of the «reservoir-well» system to atmospheric pressure, Earth tides and the propagation of earthquakes seismic waves can occur in the form of the groundwater level oscillations, coseismic and postseismic effects. Hydrogeological responses to quasi-stationary factors are determined by poroelastic deformation of the rock mass. Episodic seismic impact can lead to both poroelastic and inelastic reaction of a fluid-saturated reservoir. In the near-field zone of earthquakes, in the area of static stresses, an abrupt (step–like) change of permeability has been established, which may be associated with various mechanisms. These include liquefaction of dispersed soil, dilatancy – crack formation at the contact zone of rocks with different strength characteristics, and others. In the intermediate and distant zones, areas of dynamic stresses, long-period oscillations caused by the passage of shear and surface waves can lead to microcracks clogging/unclogging and variations of permeability. The formation of a holistic view of the deformation regime of a rock mass under seismic impact is aimed to predict possible changes of the fluid-saturated reservoirs filtration properties.

Obtaining an accurate assessment of seismic hazard is complicated by the short time intervals for which seismic data are available, compared to the recurrence period of strong earthquakes. The problem can be solved by methods of paleoseismology. One of them, probably the most economical, is the method for estimating of peak ground velocities during strong paleo-earthquakes (PGVEM). The method is based on the interpretation of field observations of presumably seismogenic displacements of rock units. A series of laboratory modeling experiments were carried out to refine the error of the PGVEM method. For typical ground conditions the scatter of rock pieces displacements was examined, and the possibility of empirically observed cases of anomalously large displacements of rock blocks was indicated. Such cases can occur in the case of replacement of the sliding friction mode by displacement due to overturning of rock fragments. The conducted experiments allow us to propose a few recommendations to refine the application of the PGVEM method in field condition.

In recent decades, fresh impacts of meter-scaled cosmic bodies were discovered on Mars. Approximately half of these objects are destroyed in the rarefied atmosphere of Mars and their impacts lead to the formation of crater clusters (crater scattering fields). The expanded impact site catalog includes data on 1438 recent dated impact sites formed between 2007 and 2021. This paper considers a large part of the expanded catalog, for which data on the size and location of craters in clusters are available. Expanded catalog data provided an opportunity to estimate the exponent in the differential and cumulative incremental distribution as 2.7 and 2.2. The obtained estimate of the cumulative distribution exponent is lower than suggested in most studies, but it is close to the estimates obtained from the non-expanded catalog. In order to classify crater clusters, it was proposed to group them into 3 types: the first has a dominant main crater, the second collects 2 largest comparable craters, and the third has 3 or more comparable largest craters, in all cases largest craters may be supplemented (or not) by significantly smaller craters. We are assuming that the identified groups may correspond to different types of impactors and (or) different types of meteoroid destruction in the atmosphere.